Such morphemes that cannot occur on their own in this way are usually referred to as bound morphemes. However, the equivalent Spanish verb stem corr- never appears as such because it is cited with the infinitive inflection ( correr) and always appears in actual speech as a non-finite (infinitive or participle) or conjugated form. For example, the English verb stem run is indistinguishable from its present tense form (except in the third person singular). However, in other languages, word stems may rarely or never occur on their own. In languages with very little inflection, such as English and Chinese, the stem is usually not distinct from the "normal" form of the word (the lemma, citation or dictionary form). waits (3rd person singular simple present indicative)Ĭitation forms and bound morphemes.wait (infinitive, imperative, present subjunctive, and present indicative except in the 3rd-person singular).That is, a stem is that part of a word that inflectional affixes attach to.įor example, the stem of the verb to wait is wait: it is the part that is common to all its inflected variants. ize, which includes the derivational affixes de- and -ize, but not the inflectional past tense suffix -(e)d.For another example, the root of the English verb form destabilized is stabil-, a form of stable that does not occur alone the stem is de Hence, the stem of the complex English noun photographer is photo the derived verbs black-en or standard-ize). the compound nouns meatball or bottleneck) or words with derivational morphemes (e.g. run) or they may be morphologically complex, as in compound words (e.g. For example, the stem of friendships is friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached. Thus, in this usage, all derivational affixes are part of the stem. In a different usage, which is adopted in the remainder of this article, a word has a single stem, namely the part of the word that is common to all its inflected variants. In a variant of this usage, the root of the word (in the example, friend) is not counted as a stem (in the example, the variant contains the stem friendship, where -s is attached). Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the word stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached. In one usage, a word stem is a form to which affixes can be attached. Uncovering and analyzing cognation between word stems and roots within and across languages has allowed comparative philology and comparative linguistics to determine the history of languages and language families. In most cases, a word stem is not modified during its inflection, while in some languages it can be modified ( apophony) according to certain morphological rules or peculiarities, such as sandhi: For example in Polish, miast-o ("city") and w mieść-e ("in the city") in English, sing, sang, and sung. In Athabaskan linguistics, for example, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own and that carries the tone of the word. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the morphology of the language in question. In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning. Part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning
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